electronics engineer

From 50MHz to 100GHz, Bench-Top to Wristwatch Oscilloscopes Have Come a Long Way

From 50MHz to 100GHz, Bench-Top to Wristwatch Oscilloscopes Have Come a Long Way In this story, we explore the latest features and kinds of oscilloscopes that play an integral role in effectively testing designs today. We also learn how new technologies in oscilloscopes are enabling test and embedded engineers to design better Abhishek A. Mutha As an engineer, if you want to improve your design overall, effective testing is an integral part. However, it means possessing tools you can rely on and that can provide consistent results as per requirements. Today, oscilloscopes come in numerous shapes and sizes-from as small as a wristwatch to pocket-sized and bench-top ones. They even have diverse bandwidths-from the entry-level 50MHz to the massive 100GHz! Let us explore the new technologies, innovations and breakthroughs in the oscilloscopes domain that help our engineers design better. From analogue to digital From simple signal capture to complex time-domain signal analysis, oscilloscopes come with salient and contrasting functionalities. Oscilloscope manufacturers have augmented the automated capabilities and portability factor so that designers can accomplish swiftly and get more authentic measurements for increased productivity. To view Figures along with full article:  Click here The invention of cathode ray tubes (CRTs) in the late 19th century was an important milestone for the birth of analogue oscilloscopes, and has changed the way of waveform representation, believes Srinivasa Appalla, manager-product support & application, Rohde & Schwarz. However, he says, "The technological advancements in electronic designs have put new requirements on signal analysis which are not met by analogue scopes. Digital oscilloscopes, introduced in the 80s, are dominating the market now because of the ability of digital signal processing, and respective analysis and documentation." Sumit Sharma, marketing manager-India, Good Will Instrument Co. Ltd. too believes, that with the rapid advancement of technology, the oscilloscope market has also been shifting from conventional analogue oscilloscopes towards digital storage oscilloscopes (DSOs). He says, "In contrast to analogue oscilloscopes, the major function of a DSO is to not only convert signals from analogue to digital but also store testing data, allow remote control and transmission of data through various interfaces." But, he also believes, "Despite the strengths of DSOs, analogue oscilloscopes still play an important role of providing real-time signals and waveform display." Mixed-signal and mixed-domain "As oscilloscopes have evolved from analogue to digital and from mixed-signal oscilloscopes to mixed-domain oscilloscopes, they have become even more valuable tools for analysing system performance or troubleshooting problems," says Pamela Aparo, marketing manager-electronic test & measurement, Analog Devices Inc. Embedded system designers require advanced testing capabilities to resolve their design issues, so mixed-signal oscilloscopes (MSOs) emerged in the beginning of 2000, informs Sharma. He says, "There has been a growing need for detecting digital signals which are usually presented by two discrete voltage levels." A logic analyser, which is the best fit for such digital-signal measurements, has the benefit of multiple-channel input measurements, usually limited to two or four channels in oscilloscopes. He adds, "Nowadays, some system designers not only need an MSO but also an instrument which can afford to do frequency- and time-domain analysis simultaneously. So, a mixed-domain oscilloscope (MDO) is the latest trend." To view box items along with full article: Click here The continuously-evolving integration level of embedded designs drives further feature integration into oscilloscopes. Appala says, "Additional digital channels, as part of mixed-signal options, protocol-specific trigger and decode options are a few examples. The key requirement is a synchronised operation of such features for true system-level debugging."   In the analogue to digital era, a significant number of digital designs came onto the analogue board, thus MSOs came to light about ten years ago. "The trend has evolved since, and mixed-domain oscilloscopes came into existence with Tektronix leading the charge. Today, mixed domain has moved to another level with the inclusion of wireless RF signals," says David Farrell, general manager-mainstream oscilloscopes, Tektronix. He adds, "Analogue, digital and now RF signals are coming together to the embedded domain and creating significant changes on how work is done in designs houses and research centres, specifically with respect to analysing those signals in as short a time as possible."  On a similar note, Aparo says, "Mixed-domain oscilloscopes offer similar benefits as mixed-signal oscilloscopes when an engineer needs to analyse signals in both the time domain and frequency domain-and these are useful in looking for problems that are caused by phase instability or phase offsets." Not everyone is into MDOs though. On the contrary, Sanchit Bhatia, digital applications specialist, Agilent Technologies India believes, MDOs are an attempt to add spectrum analyser capability to oscilloscopes. He says, "MSOs have not evolved to MDOs as yet due to lower specifications. In fact, in MDOs, the oscilloscope and spectrum analyser capabilities have gone backwards. Any general oscilloscope and any entry-level spectrum analyser have better specifications than today's MDOs." Supporting his view, he adds, "A stand-alone spectrum analyser and a stand-alone oscilloscope are a better solution than an MDO, as they offer full instrument capabilities and can be synchronised using external trigger, if the application so demands." Our fast-moving world needs to analyse data fast, and also on the move, informs Vivek Mantri, country manager-industrial segment, Scientech Technologies. He says, "Trending technology in telecom and RF segments needs data analysis to be extremely accurate in time to display waveforms, and in frequency to display signal spectra, where MDOs are a perfect choice." However, he adds, "For most of the general-purpose requirements, analogue oscilloscopes are sufficient." Handheld, PC-based, phone and even a wristwatch scope Oscilloscopes have evolved from the typical bench-top instruments to as small as a wristwatch, providing flexibility and an array of choices. Mantri defines today's generation as tech-savy, that is more comfortable with touch screens and USB data transfers. He says, "They want their oscilloscopes to be handheld, with an easy interface, and prefer data transfers through SD cards. Different user segments will find analogue, MSO or PC-based instruments useful, depending on their usage." Although, he maintains, no single technology can be suitable for all kinds of applications